Article Summary from OPM (Human Resources) Essay

Article Summary from OPM (Human Resources) - Essay Example It is basic that every part ought to get the chance and contribution for the execution of undertaking with extraordinary clearness in contemplations and means for its execution. It is basic that arranging ought to be reasonable, intelligible just as achievable. Besides it is likewise necessitated that the arranging ought to be flexible and have supportive working records as opposed to straightforward desk work. Observing: steady checking is basic in the execution of undertakings. This gives an input and henceforth coordinates the advancement for accomplishing the set objectives. It is performed as for surveys got against the gauges and a similar report can be made with the ideal revisions to maintain a strategic distance from obstacles in achieving the objectives. Growing: any effective association will consistently envelop implies that propels its employee’s inclination to work and the necessities of the enlisted people are continually assessed. This is through preparing, direction and by chances to keep them side by side with the most recent patterns and innovations. These methods gives by and large improvement open doors just as advances better execution, sustains work related aptitudes and proficiencies. Through execution the board, advancement capacities are additionally upgraded and inadequacies are overruled. This sort of the board upgrades enhancements in execution and activities can be coordinated to advance triumph and endeavors of effective workers. Rating: time to time examinations upgrade the exhibition as well as let the association know who the better entertainers are. This fills in as a sort of inspiration and consistently guides the staff to give their best administrations. It is basic to survey the exhibition of the representatives through execution the executives, objectives are set and work is moved toward a standard premise with extraordinary arrangement of input and obstacles. It likewise gives an approach to defeat the issues and a

How We Are Teaching Children to Think Inside the Box Essay Example for Free

How We Are Teaching Children to Think Inside the Box Essay At the point when youngsters return home from school, guardians typically plunk down with them, experience their schoolwork envelopes and ask their kid, â€Å"so, what did you learn at school today?† Twenty years prior, the kid may have remarked on what they realized in workmanship, music, social examinations or geology. Presently, a kid will remark just on what they realized in their understanding circle or in their math book. The deficiency for this exists in the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act. Government sanctioned testing has transformed educators into test delegate and schools into testing offices. Understudies are done accepting expansive instruction that covers numerous subjects; rather, their learning is smoothed out to fit the substance that is on the government sanctioned tests. The NCLB Act isn't functioning as it was proposed, and subsequently the American kids are falling much further behind other created countries. Indeed, American understudies are positioned nineteenth out of 21 nations in math, sixteenth in science and toward the end in material science (DeWeese 2). The No Child Left Behind Act should be hurled out before we harm the training framework. It isn't past the point of no return †we can turn everything around by disposing of exorbitant government sanctioned tests, guarantee understudies get an expansive training that remembers classes for expressions and music, which will better set them up for advanced education, and give control back to the individual states. In 2002, the No Child Left Behind Act was established by Congress, which was proposed to close the learning hole between Caucasian understudies and minority understudies. The NCLB vowed to advance responsibility among educators and school managers, just as guaranteeing that all youngsters would be capable †as indicated by measures set by the individual states †in perusing and math before the finish of the 2013-2014 school year (Ravitch 2). What's more, NCLB expressed that before the finish of the 2005-2006 school-year each study hall in America would have an exceptionally qualified instructor (Paige 2). The most solid way that the drafters of No Child Left Behind proposed gathering the information that they required so as to monitor responsibility and capability was by ordering that each state issue theirâ students in grades 3 through 12 a government sanctioned test every year that covers the subjects of perusing, composing and math (Beveridge 1). The test that is given will be given to all understudies, regardless of whether they are Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, impaired, and so forth and schools are evaluated dependent on the capability of their understudies. Each state defines a yearly objective that builds every year dependent on the orders of the NCLB Act, in which all understudies will be 100 percent capable in those three subjects constantly 2014 (Ravitch 2). On paper, the NCLB Act seemed as though a gift to schools that are situated in regions of low-salary, minority territories and supporters for youngsters with learning inabilities on the grounds that these tests were intended to feature the schools that are doing ineffectively and guarantee they get subsidizing and preparing so as to turn the scores around (Darling-Hammond 1). In a letter that is routed to guardians on their site, the U.S. Division of Education clarifies that the NCLB Act gives â€Å"more assets to schools† through financing and â€Å"allows more flexibility† while dispensing the assets (3). As per Linda Darling-Hammond, a Professor of Education at Stanford University, â€Å"the subsidizing assigned by NCLB †under 10 percent of most schools’ spending plans †doesn't address the issues of the under-resourced schools, where numerous understudies right now battle to learn† (2). Another way schools get their subsidizing is through the expenses that we pay. It bodes well that schools situated in a zone that has higher pay would get a larger number of assets than schools situated in a low-pay zone. What happens is that with the constrained subsidizing, schools in low-pay territories need to organize financing to raise the state administered test scores of their understudies on the grounds that once a school n eglects to show improvement in their government sanctioned grades, they are put waiting on the post trial process the subsequent year and guardians are given a decision to leave the bombing school, taking their youngster and the financing connected to that kid to a school that is evaluated better. â€Å"In the third year of a school’s disappointment, understudies are qualified for nothing coaching after school† as per Diane Ravitch, an exploration teacher of training at New York University (2). The financing gave by NCLB should help pay for the free coaching, at the same time, as was expressed previously, the subsidizing gave isn't sufficient. What happens when a school is commanded by law to give assets, yet it can't discover room in their spending plan? That’sâ right, they cut subsidizing somewhere else. In an article composed by Angela Pascopella, the Austin Independent School District director Pascal D. Forgione clarifies that â€Å"NCLB additionally necessitates that schools needing improvement put aside 10 percent of their neighborhood Title 1 assets for proficient advancement †¦ this makes no adaptability in budgeting† (1). At the point when schools need to rebuild their spending plan so as to pay for coaching and retraining educators, human expressions and music programs are the ones that endure most. NCLB puts such a great amount of accentuation on the result of the state administered tests. Will you truly accuse the school locale for re-stressing the significance of government sanctioned tests when their subsidizing depends on it? States were placed responsible for giving their own evaluation tests so as to give progressively engaged training to their understudies and guarantee that the understudies fulfill the state’s guidelines of capability. Tina Beveridge clarifies that â€Å"in 2007, the Washington Assessment of Student Learning (WASL) cost the state $113 million †¦ [and] numerous areas disposed of showing positions subsequently, regardless of the utilization of boost cash. As financial plans are cut across the country, the subsidizing for nontested subjects are influenced firstâ₠¬  (1). The way that the appropriation of assets depends on the result of the government sanctioned grades implies that we are outrightly bombing the downtown schools. A school will be put waiting on the post trial process in the event that they flop only one classification going from capability of Caucasian understudies right down to the capability of the understudies who are simply learning the English language. Schools situated in higher pay zones don’t truly need to stress as a lot over spending cuts in light of the fact that those schools are situated in territories that are predominately white and with guardians who are dynamic in their children’s training. Then again, schools in low salary zones need to give coaching and other commanded activities so as to improve their capability rates, at the same time their understudies are learning in â€Å"crumbling offices, packed study halls, obsolete reading material, no science labs, no craftsmanship or music courses and a spinning entryway of undeveloped teachers† (Darling-Hammond 2). Following a couple of long periods of a school not indicating improvement through their grades, their whole school personnel could be terminated. We just witnessed this last year in Providence, Rhode Island. The educational committee ended 1,976 instructors on account of lacking outcomes and the need to make spending cuts (Chivvis 1). The turnover rate forâ teachers is as of now amazingly high, as much as 50 percent leave inside 5 years in urban territories (McKinney et al 1) and the weight of working in a low-pay school area where schools are inadequate with regards to essential training necessities isn't too engaging. The failure of low-salary schools to offer instructors motivators as a result of financing, and with the additional worry of employer stability, it makes one marvel how any profoundly qualified educators are in the homeroom. In addition, the educational program for understudies has gotten so limited that it has taken a ton of the innovativeness and individualization that once pulled in the most elite to the instructing calling. Susan J. Hobart is a case of one of those educators who used to adore carrying out her responsibility since she was leaving her imprint on her understudies, in a positive way. In Hobart’s article, she recounts a letter she got from one of her understudies preceding t he NCLB Act. The letter clarified that Hobart was â€Å"different than different educators, positively. [They] didn’t gain just from a course reading; [they] encountered the subjects by ‘jumping into the textbook.’ [They] got the opportunity to develop a rainforest in [their] homeroom, have an extravagant lunch on the Queen Elizabeth II, and go on a safari through Africa† (3). The understudy proceeds to clarify that the style of encouraging she encountered during that time is the thing that she trusts she can do when she turns into an instructor as well. Tragically, that student’s dream will no doubt not work out as expected in light of the fact that the truth of the matter is that when schools are put waiting on the post trial process, as Hobart’s school, they â€Å"teach test-taking systems like those educated in Stanley Kaplan prep courses †¦ and invest an extreme measure of energy telling understudies the best way to ‘bubble up’† (1). With constantly and vitality being put on instructing kids to peruse and compose, you would feel that they would be capable when they take on school, isn't that so? Wrong. â€Å"42 percent of junior college green beans and 20 percent of rookies in four-year organizations take on in any event one therapeutic course †¦ 35 percent were taken a crack at math, 23 percent recorded as a hard copy, and 20 percent in reading,† as per the Alliance for Excellent Education (1). Schools are so dependent on the government sanctioned tests so as to check how understudies are understanding material that they have relaxed in different regions like showing essential investigation abilities and basic reasoning aptitudes. At the point when a large portion of these children move on from secondary school and go into a school setting, particularly

Impact of Advertising on Fashion

Effect of Advertising on Fashion Presentation: The utilization of publicizing in the design business was begun as ahead of schedule as in the Victorian time frame. Promoting is been imperative to the design business as its single direction of arriving at a mass gathering of individuals rapidly, as style today is serious and need speed showcasing. Promoting is utilized from the high road style retailers to the low design retailers. As per (Dittrich,2000) it has been evaluated that a normal ladies sees between 400 to 600 notices for each day. The in vogue female outline has changed with time and the body has been controlled as often as possible (Fay and Price 1994) The most celebrated kind of style that todays customers goes for is the quick design, where the most recent line of attire from a creator is duplicated by the design retailer particularly stores in the center design advertise like Top Shop, Marks and Spencers, Next , New look, and HM. Thirty-two percent state that they get their dress thoughts from style magazines, up fr om 23% the earlier year. (cottoninc 2000). In quick style, sourcing and purchasing choices are intensified by the speed by which choices must be made and advancement brought into the store (Bruce Daly 2006). The prologue to the store can be given through a broad communications that is publicizing, promoting should be possible through numerous ways like TV, print, advertisement radio, an even through informal. As indicated by Aaker et al (1994) promoting is viable to impact customer mentality. Govoni et al referenced that the most pictures of popular brands are built up by effective publicizing. Present day customers need to be engaged just as educated through publicizing (Lea-Greenwood 2002). In 1996 organizations put more than $1 billion in athletic supports bargains and around $ 10 billion more to publicize and advance the VIPs supports (Farrell et al., 2000). An ongoing appraisal shows that around 25 percent of American advertisements use VIP embraces (Shimp, 2003). Big name supports have become pervasive method in promoti ng in the past ongoing years. The shoppers consideration is the most critical to the retailers. The retailers use promoting as one of the most grounded angle to get their customers consideration. in Japan, there are around 70 percent of Japanese advertisements highlighting a superstar (Hus and McDonald, 2002). Promoting additionally has some negative and beneficial outcomes, yet in this paper both the angles will be examined. Style brands and retailers have a long-standing relationship with womens magazines and, all the more as of late, with mens magazines (Mintel 2005). Quick design consistently need more publicizing than the high road style advertise, the main way the can contact a mass crowd is through media and through verbal. It has been assessed that the normal lady sees somewhere in the range of 400 and 600 adverts for every day (Dittrich, 2000). Taking a gander at this age bunch who all read magazines and one of the renowned magazines is the warmth magazine, where this magazine analyzes the style and dress of VIPs and give out the less expensive approach to pick up the vibe of the big names. In todays star-centered society, it might be progressively exact to see VIPs and style magazines as an intersection in womens clothing purchasing choice procedure. (Cottoninc 2000). The quick design retailers need to pick the correct sort of medium to arrive at the specific objective crowd and should assist the retailers with reaching out to their customers before their rivals reach. In any case, while the VIP impact seems to ebb relatively as a lady ages, it despite everything assumes a huge job in the closets of normal ladies. As indicated by the Monitor, 26% of ladies ages 25 to 34, and 24% of ladies ages 35 to 55, demonstrated that celebs filled in as their own design trend-setters (cottoninc 2004). This style for slimness depicted a ll through practically all womens design promoting gives a standard to social examination and separately elevated disappointment among females (Graner Grafinkel, 1980). When gone up against with ultra meager models all the time this will undoubtedly have an impact particularly when the slight perfect are absolutely ridiculous of womens bodies today (Hamburg, 2002). Superstars are our new architects, relates Irenka Jakubiak, editorial manager in-head of Accessories Magazine, the exchange production (cottoninc 2004). The Red Carpet is our new runway. Creators are going over the edge to make the item, and makers and retailers are turning stuff around quick to have it accessible for buyers (cottoninc 2004). In mid 2001, around one out of five promoting programs in the UK highlighted some sort of superstar support, with the number more like one out of four projects in the US (Erdogan et al 2001). Research has discovered that big names are more compelling than different sorts of endorsers , for example, the expert master, the organization trough, or the run of the mill purchaser (Friedman and Friedman, 1979). Charm supervisor Jo Elvin stated: Kates back furiously. Her free thinker way to deal with design is an inspiration.(smh 2008) Publicizing additionally assists with offering new items to the customers, along these lines it encourages the item to be showcased in the business speedy and effectively. Promoting likewise controls the buyers utilizing brain science in the greater part of the commercials. A lady who may not straightforwardly point to a superstar impact in thinking of her as closet is probably going to buy something inside a pattern that can commonly be attached back to a popular individual. (Cottoninc 2004). Battling AIDS is consistently critical, and HM is overpowered with the excitement and the responsibility from every single VIP associated with this assortment. Ann-Sofie Johansson, HM head of plan. (Onenationmagazine 2009). Big names are the trailblazers within recent memory. What's more, they are wearing attire and extras that are increasingly open to the overall population (visavismag 2009). At long last, superstars and present day design will consistently be indivisible wares, and will keep on affecting one another, and thus the American open. (Helium 2009). Examines recommend that endorsers are increasingly powerful where there is a fit between the endorsers and the supported items. (Till and Busler, 2000). Clinicians Petty and Casioppo propose the Elaboration Likehood Model (ELM) to disclose the procedure shoppers to be convinced by the publicizing message (Shimp, 2003). In an ongoing report in The Sunday Telegraph, Ashley Sharpe, head of cash inquire about at Which? Magazine expressed: The risk is that, if the utilization of a solid VIP is joined with a message that sounds incredible yet doesnt disclose to you the full story, at that point a lot more individuals could be taken in, in light of the fact that they trust the individual advancing the item. (Fashionunited 2004). 2.1 Aim: To examination the job of promoting and self-perception with regards to form and control of the customers. 3.1 Objectives: To examination the utilization of promoting in the style business. To examination the control of shoppers through notices by the design retailers. To examination the effect of superstars on style and buyers. To examination the connection among design and self-perception. 4.1Literature Review: In todays world to showcase an item and to make to arrive at the intended interest group on time is done through notices, where media is the one of the medium that can connect with mass objective buyers on schedule and to put the item on the map among the buyers. The medias pictures and messages become what they see as a relieving voice in a tempest of contention, encounter and disarray (Thomsen et al, 2001). In viewpoints to quick design the belief system of the retailers should arrive at the shoppers quick, as the quick style industry is serious. The most exceptional promoting organizations in the nation had figured out how to adjust their techniques to this new medium and it totally changed their points of view. (Henry, 1986). Taking a gander at the design showcase like Top Shop, Next, Marks and Spencers, New Look, HM. will in general spend substantially more than the other design retailer like Zara who doesn't spend anything of publicizing for them showcasing their items is through their own clients, where they accept informal exchange is all that could possibly be needed to advance their items, this lone assists with connecting a little gathering of individuals where the mass purchasers wont know about their most recent assortment coming up. On the other than different retailers spend a great deal on publicizing and attempt to connect a mass gathering of crowd and market their item quick, this additionally assists with seeing the interest of the specific piece of clothing and encourages not to over stock. The generally little size of the UK and its substantial populace fixations permit this framework to work especially well in light of a legitimate concern for the advertisers. (Henry, 1986). Through promoting the greater part of the retailing organizations build up their showcasing procedure. Press publicizing was the most significant mechanism for 18 of the best 30 style retailer promoters, and seven spent their whole promoting financial plan here. (Mintel 2005). Publicizing is presently taking up the high ground in the style business, which encourages the retailers to showcase their item. Publicizing is for the most part done through controlling the purchasers, however the shopper doesn't care for the possibility of the retailers controlling them, this is the place brain science promoting comes into place. In this kind of promoting is the place they use hues, shapes, sounds, and so on. The design business works along these lines by utilizing adverts that infer by buying the brand the buyers will purchase the social regard and picture of model (Anderson et al, 2000). The promotions are made to get the purchasers regard for the item. Despite the fact that the most generously compensated very model of the 1900s were not classed as starving strays for example Cindy Crawford, planners and magazines decided to utilize incredibly slight models to publicize garments and excellence items (Gorgan, 1999) Imprints and Spencers have one of the b

Evaluation of Don Weatherburns Journal Essay - 1100 Words

Evaluation of Don Weatherburns Journal (Article Critique Sample) Content: Evaluation of Don Weatherburnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Journal on The Pros and Cons ofProhibiting DrugsAuthorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Name:Institution Affiliation:Evaluation of Don Weatherburns Journal on The Pros and Cons ofProhibiting DrugsThe rationale of the research paper was to explore the cons and pros of drug prohibition in Australia using a number of statistical evidence. In support of his objective, the author-Don Weatherburn succeeds in large extent by providing a succinct summary in the abstract part to let the reader know the aim of the paper. His choice of words in the introduction provides a good widespread backdrop of the subject that rapidly gives the reader the pleasure of the need to interrogate whether drug prohibition is worthwhile. He further makes the introduction more substantive with the provision of references to support his claim. Therefore, it becomes easy for other readers who are reading it for the first time to continue reading with confidence. Throughout the bo dy, the author is on track because he clearly distinguished the merits and demerits of prohibition. The first part contains the advantages and related evidence and the second part present the pros and relevant support.The author- Don Weatherburn has a background in criminology information and study. He is the director of Bureau of crimes and research in Australia and has published a wide range of topics in criminology and crime justice administration among other substantial crime works. In this journal about drug prohibition, the author is not the primary researcher of the cons and pros but rather employs the works of other researchers and statisticians. His references emanate from other published works and therefore he is a secondary source. Interestingly, his background information on topic matter makes it effortless for him to undertake the research. His motivation dons from his passion in criminology and crime justice matters.The subject explored by the author in this paper is w hether Drug prohibition is worthwhile in curbing drug abuse. The author restates the social and financial costs of the repudiation against illegal drugs but argues that prohibition also limits much harm. He uses the uprising of a group known as Australia21 that called for rethink of prohibition in 2012; Arguments to support this assertion are made clear within the paper by highlighting the three areas: the cons, the pros, and deterrence as regarding illegal drugs prohibitions. That way after reading the introduction and first paragraph of each section (cons, pros, and deterrence), the reader would know the purpose, hypothesis, and the findings. Next the author starts the body by drawing five demerits or cons against the criminal drug prohibition. The disadvantages include high cost of enforcement, lack of incapacitation, associated effects, and police tactics favoring the prominence of the act. In the pros side, the author uses a graph to show how prohibition has curbed the illegal drug use. The author further writes the general aspect of understanding this crime through analysis of other methods that can produce a better outcome (deterrence, the non-monetary costs, and monetary costs).In summarizing the work, the author brings a calm feeling to the reader with a question. "We arrive, then, at the question of whether some other set of laws (besides prohibition) would produce the same or better outcomes at lower financial and social cost (3)." It is the best approach in summing up the research because then; he draws the attention of the reader to the originality of the paper-the Australia21 claim. The author made sure that the reader keeps in touch with of all pros and cons in arriving at common stand. The author further restates the findings in a more appealing way in summarizing his work.The manner of presentation of this journal by Don is fantastic and enviable. It shows that he knew what the outcome of the paper will be as about his audienceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s exp ectation. The article contains four major parts- the Abstract, Introduction, Body, and Conclusion. There are a chronological order and flow of points throughout the journal. In the abstract, the author gives an overview of what a reader would expect in the body. The introduction further breaks down who are the referenced people that he will use to support his claim. The body is the enormous part of the journal as you could expect. It is here that the author satisfies abstract and introduction accreditation with evidence in supporting the assertion. Final part is the conclusion he harmonizes the paper by restating the main points (cons and pros) in the summary. I believe the authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s presentation is perfect considering that all points bespoke in proper order.When taking picture of the arguments to support and counter the claim, you will realize that both assertions are right and wrong depending on perspectives and opinions. However, the author draws points from early resear ch to sustain or oppose either side of the squabble. In opposing the illegal drug prohibition, Don presents around five facts to combat the prohibition and uses a number of statistics done that show how prohibition doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t reduce illegal drug use. On the other hand, when he talks of the pros, the support is not elaborate as with cons. He uses a graph to show how prohibition of illegal drug use especially smoking has accounted for most of the harms. The chart is further gender insensitive because the sample has only men. The authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s approach in addressing pros shows bias and portrays to the reader of a predetermined choice of party to support. Consequently, the argument is not balanced. It is because the points that he could have used in the prosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ section are actually available in the paper on the deterrence and monetary-cost parts of the journal.Throughout the journal, the author has employed a number of quotations to demonstrate his arguments. Such ex emplification contained in the body of the journal sections questions what best policy minimizes drug-related harm. After the author has analyzed both the cons and pros of illegal drug use while giving evidence therein supporting either side, the quotations exemplify the journal article very well. Their significance and purpose in the paper choreographs as follows. As an alternative in addressing illegal drug use, the author suggests that from a strictly scientific viewpoint mind in curbing the illegal drug useIt is impossible to say what policy minimizes the harm associated with illegal drugs. The best we can hope do is to determine what policies are most effective in minimizing a particular measurable harm. Given what we have said about the difficulties of generalizing from small-scale experiments to large-scale programs, from one drug to another and from one location to another. It is hard finding the optimal minimization strategy for one drug-related harm is likely to be a hercu lean challeng...

The Economics of Sales Taxes

The Glossary of Economics Terms defines a sales tax as a tax levied on the sale of a good or service, which is usually proportional to the price of the good or service sold. The Two Types of Sales Taxes Sales taxes come in two varieties. The first is a consumption tax or retail sales tax which is a straight percentage tax placed on the sale of a good. These are the traditional type of sales tax.The second type of sales tax is a value added tax. On a value-added tax (VAT), the net tax amount is the difference between the input costs and the sales price. If a retailer pays $30 for a good from a wholesaler and charges the customer $40, then the net tax is only placed on the $10 difference. VATs are used in Canada (GST), Australia (GST) and all member countries of the European Union (EU VAT). Sales Tax - What Advantages Do Sales Taxes Have? The biggest advantage to sales taxes are how economically efficient they are in collecting a single dollar of revenue for the government - that is, they have the smallest negative impact on the economy per dollar collected. Sales Tax - Evidence of Advantages In an article about taxation in Canada a 2002 Fraser Institute study was cited on the marginal efficiency cost of various taxes in Canada. They found that per dollar collected, corporate income taxes did $1.55 in damage to the economy. Income taxes were somewhat more efficient in only doing $0.56 worth of damage per dollar collected. Sales taxes, however, came out on top with only $0.17 in economic damage per dollar collected. Sales Taxes - What Disadvantages Does a Sales Tax Have? The biggest drawback to sales taxes, in the eyes of many, are that they are a regressive tax - A tax on income in which the proportion of tax paid relative to income decreases as income increases. The regressivity  problem can be overcome, if desired, through the use of rebate cheques and tax exemptions on necessities. The Canadian GST uses both of these mechanisms to reduce the regressivity tax. The FairTax Sales Tax Proposal Due to the advantages inherent in using sales taxes, it is not surprising that some believe that the United States should base their entire tax system on sales taxes rather than income taxes. The FairTax, if implemented would replace most U.S. taxes with a national sales tax at a 23-percent tax inclusive (equivalent to a 30-percent tax exclusive) rate. Families would also be issued prebate cheques as to eliminate the inherent regressivity of a sales tax system.

Leadership and Communication - 2648 Words

Leadership and Communication Carl Barkers Bus. 600 Mgmt. and Comm. Tech. Tools August 6, 2012 Leadership and Communication What is communication? What is leadership communication? These are two definitions that will be answered in this paper. You will take an extensive look at how communication from the top of the food chain to the bottom impacts workforce and insight on different communicating qualities utilized by leaders and their effects. Explain why a leader must communicate effectively. Describe positive image and its relationship with effective leadership communication. Describe ethics and its relationship with effective leadership communication, importance of emotional intelligence, and importance of mindfulness†¦show more content†¦I had a manager that was very knowledgeable about the job. His Leadership qualities were outstanding. He could communicate well with the staff and with the clients when it came to serious matters. He had your back in any situation. The only thing he lacked was ethical skills. That was what brought tension with him and staff. In this field people take their jo b lightly. They would come to work fifteen minutes to thirty minutes late, having the earlier staff have to stay later than they wanted. What the manager would do instead of keeping the late staffs time where they came in late, he would set it back to the time that they should have come in and take the extra time from the staff that stayed later. Also he would commit financial fraud in that he was suppose to every Friday bring weekly spending to the clients in a certain amount ($25.00). He was supposed to bring funds to the site, give the funds to the staff, then have the staff count it. Then he was to have the client sign the verification form stating that they received a certain amount. He would come in tell the clients to let him see their wallets and he would put money in it without the staff seeing or verifying the amount. 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Differences Between Full Cost Method and Successful Effort Method In Oil and Gas Accounting free essay sample

An accounting system used by companies that incur exploration costs for oil and natural gas that does not differentiate between operating expenses associated with successful and unsuccessful exploration projects. Regardless of the outcome, successful and unsuccessful operation expenses are capitalized. Under Full Cost Method, all property acquisition, exploration and development costs, even dry hole costs, are capitalized as oil and gas properties. These costs are amortized using a unit-of-production method based on volumes produced and remaining proved reserves. The net unamortized capitalized costs of oil and gas properties less related deferred income tax MAY NOT exceed a ceiling consisting primarily of a computed present value of projected future cash flows, after income taxes, from the proved reserves. Under this method, the Company capitalizes all acquisition, exploration and development costs for the purpose of finding oil and gas reserves, including salaries, benefits and other internal costs directly attributable to these finding activities. Although some of these costs will ultimately result in no additional reserves, we expect the benefits of successful wells to more than offset the costs of any unsuccessful ones. the full cost (FC) method, allows all operating expenses relating to locating new oil and gas reserves, regardless of the outcome, to be capitalized. In addition, gains or losses on the sale or other disposition of oil and gas properties are not recognized unless the gain or loss would significantly alter the relationship between capitalized costs and proved reserves of oil and natural gas attributable to a country. As a result, we believe that the full-cost method of accounting better reflects the true economics of exploring. The Successful effort Method The successful efforts (SE) method allows a company to capitalize only those expenses associated with successfully locating new oil and natural gas reserves. For unsuccessful (or dry hole) results, the associated operating costs are immediately charged against revenues for that period. . Successful Effort Method Only the cost of successful efforts is capitalized. Cost of exploratory dry holes, geological and geophysical (GG) costs in general, delay rentals, and other property carrying costs are expensed. The net unamortized capitalized costs are amortized on unit-of-production method, whereby property acquisition costs are amortized over proved reserves and property development costs are amortized over proved development reserves. The basic concept underlying the successful efforts method of accounting for oil and gas exploration and production activities is based on a direct cause-and-effect relationship. The successful effort method follows the premise that an enterprise is to capitalize only those costs it incurs that directly result in an asset that has future benefit measured in terms of future cash flows. Like many other oil and gas companies, the Company has chosen to follow the successful efforts method. It is believed that this method is preferable, as many oil Companies focus on exploration activities wherein there is risk associated with future success and as such earnings are best represented by attachment to the drilling operations of such Companies. Costs of successful wells, development dry holes and leases containing productive reserves are capitalized and amortized on a unit-of-production basis over the life of the related reserves. Other exploration costs, including geological and geophysical expenses applicable to undeveloped leasehold, leasehold expiration costs and delay rentals are expensed as incurred. In accordance with accounting under successful efforts method of accounting, oil Companies review proved oil and gas properties for indications of impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of its oil and gas properties may not be recoverable. When it is determined that an oil and gas property’s estimated future net cash flows will not be sufficient to recover its carrying amount, an impairment charge must be recorded to reduce the carrying amount of the asset to its estimated fair value. This may occur if a field contains lower than anticipated reserves or if commodity prices fall below a level that significantly effects anticipated future cash flows on the field. Differences Between The Successful Effort Method And The Full Cost Method. Below are some of the differences between The Successful Effort Method and The Full Cost Method. By contrast, the successful efforts accounting method only capitalizes expenses related to successful ventures. 2. Under the successful-efforts method, costs such as geological and geophysical (GG), exploratory dry holes and delay rentals are expensed as incurred, where under the full-cost method these types of charges would be capitalized to their respective full-cost pool. In the measurement of impairment of oil and gas properties, the successful-efforts method of accounting follows the guidance provided in Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. â€Å"Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets,† where the first measurement for impairment is to compare the net book value of the related asset to its undiscounted future cash flows using commodity prices consistent with management expectations. Under the full-cost method, the net book value (full-cost pool) is compared to the future net cash flows discounted at 10 percent using commodity prices in effect on the last day of the reporting period (ceiling limitation). If the full-cost pool is in excess of the ceiling limitation, the excess amount is charged through income. 3. According to the view behind the SE method, the ultimate objective of an oil and gas company is to produce the oil or natural gas from reserves it locates and develops so that only those costs relating to successful efforts should be capitalized. Conversely, because there is no change in productive assets with unsuccessful results, costs incurred with that effort should be expensed. On the other hand, the view represented by the FC method holds that, in general, the dominant activity of an oil and gas company is simply the exploration and development of oil and gas reserves. Therefore, all costs incurred in pursuit of that activity should first be capitalized and then written off over the course of a full operating cycle. 4. In Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (SFAS) 19, the FASB requires that oil and gas companies use the SE method, while the SEC allows companies to use the FC method. These two governing bodies have yet to find the ideological common ground needed to establish a single accounting approach. 5. Initially, net income for both an SE and FC company is impacted by the periodic charges for DDA and production expenses, but net income for the SE company is further impacted by exploration costs that may have been incurred for that period. Thus, when identical operational results are assumed, an oil and gas company following the SE method can be expected to report lower near-term periodic net income than its FC counterpart. As with the income statement, when identical operational outcomes are assumed, for a company following the FC method of accounting near-term results (shown in the cash flows from operations (CFO) portion of the statement of cash flows), will be superior to those for a company following the SE method. CFO is basically net income with non-cash charges like DDA added back so, despite a relatively lower charge for DDA, CFO for an SE company will reflect the net income impact from expenses relating to unsuccessful exploration efforts. Similarities Between The Successful Effort Method And The Full Cost Method Below are some of the similarities between The Successful Effort Method and The Full Cost Method: 1. The two methods represent conflicting views in the industry about how oil and natural gas companies can most transparently report their earnings. 2. Exploration costs capitalized under either method are recorded on the balance sheet as part of long-term assets. This is because like the lathes, presses and other machinery used by a manufacturing concern, oil and natural gas reserves are considered productive assets for an oil and gas company; Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) require that the costs to acquire those assets be charged against revenues as the assets are used. 3. Each view insists that the associated accounting method best achieves transparency relative to an oil and gas companys accounting of its earnings and cash flows. 4. When there are no new reserves  being added, reported net income under longer term SE and FC, each companys CFOs will be the same. This is because adding back the non-cash charge for DDA effectively negates the relatively larger impact to net income under the FC method of accounting. 5. Regardless of the method it chooses to follow, an oil and gas company engaged in the exploration, development and production of new oil or natural gas reserves will incur costs that are identified as belonging to one of four categories: i. ) Acquisition Costs  Acquisition costs are incurred in the course of acquiring the rights to explore, develop and produce oil or natural gas. They include expenses relating to either purchase or lease the right to extract the oil and gas from a property not owned by the company. Also included in acquisition costs are any lease bonus payments paid to the property owner along with legal expenses, and title search, broker and recording costs. Under both SE and FC accounting methods acquisition costs are capitalized. Typical of exploration, costs are charges relating to the collection and analysis of geophysical and seismic data involved in the initial examination of a targeted area and later used in the decision of whether to drill at that location. Other costs include those associated with drilling a well, which are further considered as being intangible or tangible. Intangible costs in general are those incurred to ready the site prior to the installation of the drilling equipment whereas tangible drilling costs are those incurred to install and operate that equipment. All intangible costs will be charged to the income statement as part of that periods operating expenses for a company following the SE method. All tangible drilling costs associated with the successful discovery of new reserves will be capitalized while those incurred in an unsuccessful effort are also added to operating expenses for that period. For an oil and gas company following the FC method, all exploration costs, including both tangible and intangible drilling costs, are capitalized by being added to the balance sheet as part of long-term assets. Development costs involve the preparation of discovered reserves for production such as those incurred in the construction or improvement of roads to access the well site, with additional drilling or well completion work, and with installing other needed infrastructure to extract (e. g. , pumps), gather (pipelines) and store (tanks) the oil or natural gas from the reserves. Both SE and FC methods allow for the capitalization of all development costs. iv. ) Production Costs The costs incurred in extracting oil or natural gas from the reserves are considered production costs. Typical of these costs are wages for workers and electricity for operating well pumps. Production costs are considered part of periodic operating expenses and are charged directly to the income statement under both accounting methods. Conclusion When investing in companies involved in the exploration and development of oil and natural gas reserves, company analysis should include recognizing which accounting method a company follows. The differences between the two methods and their impact on near- and long-term net income and cash flow should prove helpful when comparing individual companies past results and future expectations.